First Indian bishop in the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon (Diocese of Dornakal, 1912). Pioneer of indigenous church leadership and ecumenical engagement. Visionary advocate for the autonomy and capacity of the Indian church.

Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah exemplifies indigenous episcopate, demonstrating that Indian Christianity was not merely transplanted but capable of producing episcopal leadership rooted in local soil. His mass movement evangelism illustrates a non-Western missiology responsive to community transformation. He represents ecumenical witness across denominational boundaries and prophetic resistance to colonial paternalism in the church.

Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (1874–1945) was born in Tirunelveli, South India, to a Syrian Christian family. Ordained priest in 1900, he became bishop of the newly constituted Diocese of Dornakal in 1912, making him the first Indian Anglican bishop and a symbolic figure for indigenous ecclesial autonomy. His tenure was marked by extraordinary growth: under his leadership, the diocese expanded from a few thousand to over 100,000 communicants through sustained missionary work and mass movements of conversion, particularly among lower-caste communities. Azariah was a theological innovator who insisted on biblical translation, trained indigenous clergy, and championed theological education rooted in Indian contexts. His famous address at the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh (1910) on 'The Relation Between Foreign and Native Workers' articulated an urgent call for partnership rather than paternalism. He was a leading voice in church union negotiations for South India, laying groundwork for the Church of South India (1947). His ecumenical vision extended to friendship with both Catholic and Protestant leaders and participation in Life and Work conferences.

• Evangelist
• Bishop