Ecumenical Commemoration
Bishop & Doctor of the Church
January 13 · d. 367
also known as Hilary of Poitiers, The Athanasius of the West
Hilary of Poitiers was the first great Latin theologian to engage the Arian controversy and earned the title 'the Athanasius of the West' for his unshakeable defense of Nicene orthodoxy. Exiled by the Arian emperor Constantius II for four years, he used his exile to master Eastern theology and wrote De Trinitate, which provided Latin Christianity with its first comprehensive Trinitarian theology and became the foundation of Western ecclesiastical thought.
Traditionally, Hilary's exile was understood as a martyrdom of faith — not executed by sword, but by forced separation from his flock. Later traditions, beginning with Jerome, credited Hilary with being the first Latin hymn-writer, composing hymns for congregational singing during the Arian controversy as Augustine and Ambrose would do in their generations. Few if any of these hymns survive in identifiable form, though some scholars have attempted to recover them. Hilary's character is well-documented enough that little legendary material attached itself to his memory — his own writings provided ample testimony to his virtues without need for miraculous embellishment.
Hilary was born around 315 in Poitiers, Gaul (modern-day France), into a prosperous pagan family. He received an excellent classical education in rhetoric and philosophy, and his own account indicates that he was initially drawn to Christianity not through traditional catechesis but through philosophical reflection — reading the opening of John's Gospel ('In the beginning was the Word') as the culmination of philosophical inquiry.
He was baptized and eventually ordained as a priest, gaining a reputation throughout Gaul as a learned theologian and powerful preacher. Around 353, he was elected Bishop of Poitiers, a position he would hold, though not continuously, for the rest of his life.
Almost immediately upon his election, Hilary was thrust into the center of the Arian controversy. The Emperor Constantius II, who favored the Arian party, was putting enormous pressure on bishops to condemn Athanasius and the Nicene formulation. In 356, at the Synod of Béziers, when bishops were required to anathematize Athanasius, Hilary refused. For this defiance, he was exiled by imperial decree to Phrygia in Asia Minor — one of the harshest penalties for a Western bishop.
Yet Hilary's exile became extraordinarily productive. Cut off from his see, he devoted himself to mastering Eastern theology and engaging directly with the theological traditions that had shaped Athanasius and the Cappadocian theologians. He wrote prolifically, his masterwork being De Trinitate (On the Trinity), a twelve-book systematic theology that translated the Greek concepts of homoousios and the full divinity of the Son into Latin philosophical language. De Trinitate established the framework that would guide Western Trinitarian theology for centuries — including the work of Augustine and Aquinas.
Around 360, imperial political changes allowed Hilary to return to Gaul, though the Arian party apparently found him more dangerous as a presence in the East than in the West. Back in Poitiers, he continued his theological work, wrote commentaries on the Psalms and Matthew's Gospel, and took an active role in combating the Arian bishop Auxentius of Milan, whom he opposed successfully at the Synod of Paris (360).
Hilary died around 367. Jerome called him 'the Rhône of Latin eloquence' — a tribute both to his native region and to the flowing power of his writing. He was later declared a Doctor of the Church in recognition of his theological achievement.
The interpretation of his name. Hilary is said of joyousness, for he was joyous in the service of God. Or Hilary is said virtuous and high, for he was high and strong in science, and virtuous in his life. Or Hilary is said of hilum, which is to say dark matter, for he had in his dictes great obscurity and profoundness.
Of the Life of S. Hilary.
S. Hilary, which was Bishop of Poictiers, was born in the country of Guienne. He had a wife wedded, and a daughter, and whereas he was in habit secular he lived after the life of a monk. He profited so much in holy life and sciences that he was chosen Archbishop of Poictiers. A manner of an heresy reigned in his country and through all France, which was the sect of the Arians, the which he destroyed to his power. Nevertheless by the commandment of the emperor, which was of the party of the heretics, by the suggestion of two bishops of that sect he was exiled, with which two bishops he disputed, and overcame them. Afterward, for they might not gainsay the truth of the matter, ne could not bear ne answer to his eloquence, so that he was constrained to come again to Poictiers. And as he passed by an isle of the sea, which was full of serpents, he chased them away by the virtue of his commandment, and by his sight only, and pight a staff in the middle of the isle and gave to the serpents liberty to come to that staff and not to pass farther, and the serpents obeyed him, which part is no land now but sea.
When S. Hilary came to Poictiers he met a child dead, borne for to be buried, and the child was not baptized; which child by virtue of his prayer he raised to life, for he lay long in the dust in prayer, and when he arose out of his prayer the child arose from death to life.
S. Hilary had a daughter named Apia and she would have been married, but S. Hilary preached to her so much of the estate of virginity that she changed her purpose. And when she was confirmed in this will and purpose S. Hilary doubted that she should change, and prayed our Lord for to take her while she was in good purpose, and anon she died, and S. Hilary buried her. And when her mother the wife of S. Hilary saw that her daughter was dead, she prayed to her husband, that he should impetre and get for her like as he had done for his daughter. And anon as S. Hilary had made his orison, she died, and by this manner he sent tofore him his wife and his daughter.
In this time the pope Leo, which favoured heresy, called a counsel of bishops, but he sent not for S. Hilary that he should come thereto, notwithstanding S. Hilary came thither. When the pope saw him come, he commanded that no man should arise against him, ne give him no place. Then said the pope to him: You are Hilary the cock, and not the son of an hen. And Hilary answered: I am Hilary and no cock, but a bishop in Gallia that is in France. Then said the pope, You are Hilary Gallus, and I am Leo of the Papal See, Judge. To whom Hilary said: If you be Leo yet are you not of the Tribe of Judah. Then the pope had great indignation and said to him: Abide you a little, and I shall pay to you your hire; and S. Hilary answered: And if you come not again who shall pay me for you? And the pope answered: I shall come again and shall beat down your pride. Then the pope went down into the low chamber for to ease him, and by the conduit of his nether part voided out all the entrails of his body, and so died suddenly. Thus then as he abode the pope S. Hilary found no place to sit on, ne none would remove to make him place, and when he saw that, he said: Domini est terra, the earth longs to our Lord, and sat down upon the earth, and the earth arose up by miracle by the will of our Lord, in such wise that he sat as high as the other, and anon after, word came that the pope was dead. Then S. Hilary confirmed all the other bishops that were there in the faith, and so confirmed, each went in to his country.
In the end, when S. Hilary had impetred of God many miracles to be showed by his prayer, he became sick, and saw his death approach. Then he called to him one of his chaplains whom he much loved and said to him: Go you out and bring to me word what you hear. When he had been long without, he came in and told to S. Hilary that he had heard a great noise in the city; and when it was midnight he sent his chaplain again to hearken as he had done tofore; and when he came again in to the chamber for to tell that he had heard nothing, a great clear light entered in, that the priest might not behold it. And when the light departed S. Hilary died, that was the year of grace three hundred and forty, let us pray to him that he pray for us. Amen
And next follows the Invention of S.
Almighty God, you gave your servant Hilary of Poitiers special gifts of grace to understand and teach the truth revealed in Christ Jesus: Grant that by this teaching we may know you, the one true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
British (Received Pronunciation): Auxentius /ɔːkˈsɛnʃəs/; Augustine /ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/
Readings for a Teacher of the Faith
Proverbs 3:13–26Psalm 119:89–1061 John 1:1–10Matthew 13:47–52