Anglican Commemoration
Missionary to Burma
April 12 · d. 1850
also known as Adoniram Judson, D.D.
Adoniram Judson was the first American Protestant foreign missionary, sent to Burma in 1812 under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Converting to Baptist convictions during the voyage, he spent nearly four decades in Burma translating the entire Bible into Burmese, planting churches among the Burmese and Karen peoples, and enduring imprisonment, repeated bereavement, and illness with unflinching resolve. His Burmese Bible remained the standard translation into the twentieth century, and the Karen church he helped form became one of the most vital Baptist communities in Asia.
Judson's commemoration in St. Bernard's Breviary signals an ecumenical acknowledgment: he was a Baptist, and his inclusion among the Breviary's commemorations recognizes missionary faithfulness across denominational lines. The tradition emphasizes his endurance — imprisonment, repeated bereavement, chronic illness — as a kind of suffering-witness that parallels martyrdom without its death. Francis Wayland's near-contemporary memoir (1853), based on extensive primary sources, established the interpretive frame within which Judson has been remembered: the persevering pioneer whose pain was inseparable from his productivity. The story of Ann Judson's heroic advocacy during his imprisonment became central to the American missionary imagination and is transmitted as a companion tradition to his own. Later hagiography has occasionally sentimentalized the narrative; the documentary record — his own letters and the Wayland memoir — supports a more austere portrait of a man who endured, translated, and died at his post. His Burmese Bible is treated in the tradition as his monument, the enduring fruit of his suffering.
Adoniram Judson was born on August 9, 1788, in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of a Congregational minister. He graduated from Brown University in 1807 and Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, where he joined a small circle of students committed to foreign mission. In 1812 he was among the first missionaries commissioned by the newly formed American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, sailing for India with his wife Ann Hasseltine — herself a woman of remarkable conviction, who had weighed the cost of the mission in published correspondence before agreeing to marry him and leave everything familiar behind.
Almighty and everlasting God, you called your servant Adoniram Judson to preach the Gospel to the people of Burma: Raise up in this and every land evangelists and heralds of your kingdom, that your Church may proclaim the unsearchable riches of our Savior Jesus Christ; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever. Amen.
During the voyage, Judson studied the Greek New Testament and the Baptist arguments for believer's baptism. By the time the ship reached Calcutta, he and Ann had become convinced Baptists — a rupture with the ABCFM that left them without institutional support but opened the door to what would become the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society.
Unable to remain in British India under East India Company restrictions, Judson settled in Rangoon, Burma, in 1813. Progress was painfully slow: six years of sustained effort yielded his first Burmese convert. But steady translation work and friendship with the Karen people eventually produced growing communities of faith.
The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) brought catastrophe. Judson was arrested as a suspected British spy and held for twenty-one months in the death prison at Ava under brutal conditions — bound in leg irons, crowded with other prisoners, denied adequate food. Ann worked ceaselessly for his release, personally negotiating with Burmese officials, smuggling food and medicine into the prison, and caring for their newborn daughter — all while gravely ill herself. He survived; she died in 1826, months after the peace was concluded. Their infant daughter Maria died the following year.
Judson pressed on. He completed his translation of the entire Bible into Burmese in 1834. That same year he married Sarah Hall Boardman, the widow of a fellow missionary who had remained in Burma after her first husband's death rather than return to America — a choice that reflected the same unflinching commitment that had marked Ann. Sarah became a gifted translator in her own right, working in Burmese and several Karen dialects, before her health failed. She died in 1845 on a voyage home, leaving Judson with several young children.
He also compiled a comprehensive Burmese-English dictionary, finished posthumously by his colleagues. Both translation projects required mastering a tonal language without any prior translation infrastructure. The Burmese Bible became the foundation of an indigenous Christian literature and remained the standard text well into the twentieth century.
In 1846 Judson married Emily Chubbuck, a successful American author who gave up her literary career to join him in Burma — a sacrifice that drew public attention and some criticism, but which she undertook with clear-eyed resolve. His health, broken by the years of imprisonment, never fully recovered. He died at sea on April 12, 1850, on a voyage taken for his health, and was buried in the Indian Ocean. He had served in Burma for thirty-seven years.
Readings for a Missionary or Evangelist
Isaiah 49:1–7Psalm 98Romans 10:11–18Luke 5:1–11